English Language Teaching in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies

Affiliation

Abstract

Artificial intelligence and emerging digital technologies are reshaping English Language Teaching by changing how learners access language input, practise communication, receive feedback, collaborate, and develop linguistic competence. Generative artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence-powered chatbots, automated writing evaluation, speech-recognition technologies, mobile-assisted language learning, virtual and augmented reality, gamification, learning analytics, and social-media platforms increasingly form part of contemporary language-learning environments. These technologies provide opportunities for personalized instruction, immediate feedback, authentic communication, learner autonomy, immersive language practice, and multimodal learning. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate generally positive effects of emerging technologies on English as a Foreign Language learning, although effectiveness varies according to educational level, technological design, learner characteristics, instructional objectives, and teacher mediation. The increasing use of generative AI also raises important concerns regarding inaccurate information, algorithmic bias, linguistic standardization, academic integrity, privacy, unequal access, overdependence, and the possible weakening of independent language production. This chapter examines the transformation of English Language Teaching within this rapidly developing technological environment. It argues that effective technology integration should not be based on replacing teachers or automating learning but on constructing a human-centred teacher–technology–learner relationship. Particular attention is given to writing, speaking, reading, listening, vocabulary development, assessment, teacher competencies, Global Englishes, and immersive learning environments. The chapter concludes that the future of English Language Teaching depends upon pedagogically purposeful integration in which technological innovation strengthens communication, critical thinking, linguistic diversity, learner agency, and human interaction.

Keywords

English Language Teaching, Artificial Intelligence, Generative AI, Emerging Technologies, EFL, ESL, Virtual Reality, Mobile Learning, Language Education, Digital Pedagogy